Perpetuo

2026-01-24    5 minute read

Some of my favorite pieces and passages to play are ones that go through a ton of equal-length notes. According to this answer on Stack Exchange (which cites a wikipedia page, which in turn cites the Harvard Dictonary of Music), this type of piece is called a "perpetuum mobile".

From the Harvard Dictionary of Music:

Perpetuum mobile [L., perpetual motion]. A term used by Paganini (op.11), Weber (last movement of Piano Sonata op.19), and others to denote pieces which proceed from the beginning to the end in the same rapid motion, e.g., 16th-notes in presto. Pieces of this type, although not labeled thus, occur also in Chopin's etudes.

Interestingly, though the Harvard Dictionary source only uses this term in the context of a full piece, the Wikipedia page explicitly says it also applies to "figurations" and "passages" without providing an additional source. To distinguish between the Harvard definition and the Wikpedia, my proposal is to use the word 'perpetuo' to refer to specific parts and passages of a larger non-perpetuum-mobile piece.

Here's a list of some of my favorites:

yearcomposerpiecesection
1691Henry PurcellKing Arthur, or The British Worthy (Z. 628), Act 3, no. 20 "What Power art thou"entire number (a few breaks in the vocal line, but the accompaniment holds a solid 16th note pulse)
~1720J.S. BachCello Suite No.1 in G Major, BWV 1007, I. Preludeentire piece
~1720J.S. BachPrelude in C minor, BWV 999entire piece
1722J.S. BachPrelude in C Major, BWV 846entire piece
~1722J.S. BachFrench Suite No.3 in B Minor, BWV 814, IV. Menuett - Triomm. 1-16
1766C.P.E. BachSolfeggiettoentire piece
1827Franz SchubertImpromptu No. 2 in E♭ majorright hand, mm. 1-80
1833Frédéric ChopinEtude Op.10 No.5right hand
1835Niccolò PaganiniMoto Perpetuo Op.11 (score)entire piece
1851Franz LizstLa Campanellaright hand, mm. 5-12
1890Claude DebussyArabesque No.1mm. 1-5
1899Николай Римский‐Корсаков (Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov)Flight of the Bumblebeevarious
1922Camille Saint-SaënsHémionesentire piece
1972Николaй Кaпустин (Nikolai Kapustin)Piano Concerto No.2, Op.14, Mvt.3mm. 23-34
1987David WiseWizards & Warriors Title Screenentire piece
2001峰岸透 (Toru Minegishi)Gamecube startuplead mallet instrument
2001Daft PunkAerodynamicelectric guitar, 1:03-2:21
2013Akira ComplexHelioslead synth 0:29-1:22
2013Porter RobinsonMy Nostalgia is a Curselead synth, 2:30-2:44, 3:53-4:14
2014Porter RobinsonShepherdesslead synth, 1:47-2:46
2016ZaylienVOiDSlead synth, 1:30-1:54
2018Akira Complex & N²Boot Sequencesynth, 0:15-0:39, 1:10-1:58, 2:05-3:36
2019HaywyreWith Youlead synth, 1:36-1:55
2020Porter RobinsonSomething Comfortingsampled pluck, 0:00-1:07
2022PolyphiaPlaying Godlead guitar, 2:41-3:02
2022ReeKSuper Sex Delivery 2 - Enter the Cum Zonelead synth, 4:22-5:09
2022StreetVerratlead piano, 0:00-0:40
2023ミツキヨ (Mitsukiyo)Unwelcome Schoolpiano solo, 1:15-1:31

It seems like no ones made any music where the entire piece is a perpetuum mobile since 1922, unless you count the ~5 second Gamecube startup sound. Someone should fix that.

TODO

add to table